Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an epidemic worldwide. Thus, serum exosomes may be used as novel, liquid biopsy biomarkers to provide useful clinical information for the diagnosis of HBV-related liver diseases at different stages. Patients with HBV-induced chronic liver disease exhibit characteristic protein profiles in their EVs. All biomarkers seemed to exhibit a high diagnostic capacity for HBV-related liver disease.

KV311 expression levels in EVs were significantly higher, whereas LBP levels were significantly lower in patients with CHB than in those with HCC. VWF expression levels in EVs were significantly lower in CHB than in those with LC. Results showed that the DEPs, including CO9, LBP, SVEP1, and VWF levels in extracellular vesicles (EVs) were significantly higher in CHB than in healthy controls (HCs). Profiles of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. Here, exosomes were isolated and characterized through size exclusion chromatography and nanoparticle tracking analysis. We aimed to identify new, non-invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of chronic HBV-related diseases, reveal alterations in the progression of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). KGaA, Weinheim.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major public health problem worldwide. Although the applications of the candidates under many different biological conditions and in other organisms are yet to be empirically verified, we propose reliable, potential loading controls for a WB analysis in this paper.īioinformatics Housekeeping proteins Reference control Western blot analysis. Intriguingly, the most commonly used, known housekeeping genes were entirely excluded in our newly defined candidates. For this paper, we explored the recently released large-scale, human proteomic database ProteomicsDB including 16 857 liquid chromatography tandem-mass-spectrometry data from 27 human tissues, and suggest 20 ubiquitously- and constitutively-expressed, putative internal-reference controls for the quantification of differential protein expressions. To estimate accurate, reliable, and reproducible protein quantifications, it is crucial to define appropriate reference controls. Experimentally, however, some of the housekeeping reference proteins are often displayed with inconsistent expression levels in both homogeneous and heterogeneous tissues, and, in terms of mRNA levels, they have a weak correlation to the abundance of proteins. Heretofore, proteins encoded by housekeeping genes such as GAPDH, β-tubulin and β-actin have been commonly used as loading controls without any hesitation because their mRNA expression levels tend to be high and constant in many different cells and tissues. In accordance with the advancement of the technologies for the acquisition of WB signals, a quantitative value is used to present the abundance of target proteins in a complex sample, thereby requiring the use of specific proteins as internal references that represent total proteins.

Western blotting (WB) analysis is the most popular and widely used methodology for protein detection and characterization over recent decades.

Wb analysis